Study the reference tables

Solar System Objects Data Table

Key physical and orbital properties of planets, the Moon, dwarf planets, and asteroids. Note trends in revolution period, eccentricity, and density.

p. 2 · 6 key facts

Portion of Electromagnetic Spectrum & Emission Spectra

Electromagnetic spectrum ordered by wavelength and frequency. As wavelength decreases, photon energy and frequency increase. Star emission spectra identify composition.

p. 3 · 5 key facts

Characteristics of Stars (H-R Diagram)

Plots stellar luminosity versus surface temperature and spectral class (O B A F G K M). Identifies Supergiants, Giants, Main Sequence, and White Dwarfs.

p. 4 · 5 key facts

Life Cycles of Stars Model & Nucleosynthesis

Stars form from gas and dust in nebulae. Sun-like stars end as white dwarfs; massive stars explode as supernovae, leaving neutron stars or black holes.

p. 5 · 5 key facts

Geologic History of New York State

Chronology of Earth’s history divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs with index fossils and major tectonic events in NY.

p. 6 · 5 key facts

Surface Bedrock & Landscape Regions of NY

Surface bedrock maps and geographic provinces of New York State. Rock age and structure determine landscape topography.

p. 8 · 4 key facts

Model of Earth’s Interior Structure

Layers of Earth (crust, rigid mantle, asthenosphere, stiffer mantle, outer core, inner core) showing density, temperature, and pressure with depth.

p. 11 · 4 key facts

Global Tectonic Activity of the Last 1 Million Years

Tectonic plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, transform), hotspots, and spreading rates in cm/year.

p. 12 · 5 key facts

Bowen’s Reaction Series & Igneous Mineral Composition

Order of mineral crystallization from magma by temperature, and classification of igneous rocks into felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic.

p. 13 · 5 key facts

Rock Cycle Infographic

Continuous transformation between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks via melting, cooling, weathering, and heat/pressure.

p. 14 · 4 key facts

Radioactive Elements for Radiometric Dating

Half-life decay constants for Carbon-14, Potassium-40, Uranium-238, and Rubidium-87 used for dating rocks and fossils.

p. 15 · 6 key facts

Mineral Identification Flowchart

Flowchart identifying minerals based on luster (metallic vs. nonmetallic), hardness, cleavage/fracture, streak, and composition.

p. 16 · 4 key facts

Key to Weather Map Symbols & Station Model

Standard meteorological station model layout: temperature, dewpoint, pressure code, barometric tendency, precipitation, cloud cover, and front symbols.

p. 18 · 5 key facts

Planetary Wind Belts & Earth’s Lower Atmosphere

Coriolis deflection of planetary wind belts, moisture belts (rising wet vs. sinking dry air), and vertical temperature structure of the atmosphere.

p. 19 · 5 key facts

Surface Ocean Currents Model

Wind-driven surface currents forming large gyres, redistributing solar heat energy across global latitudes.

p. 20 · 5 key facts

Carbon, Water & Earth Systems Interactions

Matter and energy exchanges between atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere, including greenhouse effect and climate feedbacks.

p. 14 · 5 key facts